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The Historic New Orleans Collection
A historical illustration depicting an auction scene with an auctioneer holding a gavel and several men in 19th-century clothing. A Black man and a Black woman stand on the auction block. Various fabrics are visible in the foreground.

To Be Sold

Tacked on trees, posted on buildings, and printed in newspapers, advertisements announcing the sale of enslaved men, women, and children were omnipresent in antebellum New Orleans. Though the prevalence of auction-related imagery suggests otherwise, not all sales took place on the auction block. Individuals could be sold via estate, bankruptcy, and succession sales or from seller to purchaser directly from slave pens (private jails owned by traders) or from private residences. Some humans were even raffled off in lotteries. 

“I was growed up when the war come. And I was a mother before it closed. Babies were snatched from their mothers’ breasts and sold to speculators. Children was separated from sisters and brothers and never saw each other again. Course they cry; you think they not cry when they was sold like cattle? I could tell you about it all day, but even then you couldn’t guess the awfulness of it.”

Those brought to New Orleans over long distances often found themselves corralled into slave pens on arrival, issued new clothing, and readied for sale. Preparations included providing slaves with increased rations and doctors' visits to improve their overall health; mandatory exercise regimens, such as forced dancing, to build and tone muscle; and lessons—backed up with corporal punishment for transgressors—in "looking smart and lively" before prospective purchasers.

“There was in this lot a number of old men and women, some of them with gray locks. … I had to prepare the old slaves for market. I was ordered to have the old men’s whiskers shaved off, and the gray hairs plucked out, where they were not too numerous, in which case he had a preparation of blacking to color it, and with a blacking brush we would put it on.”

The Slave Auction, an 1859 eyewitness account by John Theophilus Kramer, has been fully digitized by the Internet Archive and can be read in its entirety hereOpens in new tab

An old, handwritten document on aged paper, featuring cursive script. The text includes several sentences with some fading and ink blotches, showcasing historical writing styles. The paper has a slightly worn appearance with creases.
An 1856 poster advertising the auction of enslaved individuals in New Orleans. It lists names, ages, skills, and conditions, and details auction terms and conditions. The event is scheduled for February 23, 1856.
A historical newspaper advertisement offering cash for 500 enslaved individuals, specifying both sexes, ages 12 to 25. The ad claims higher prices than other buyers and is placed by Franklin & Armfield, dated March 8, Alexandria.
An 1863 illustration from Harpers Weekly shows a scene in front of a slave auction house in New Orleans. A group of well-dressed men in top hats sit on benches, while African American individuals stand nearby. A child with flowers is near a black cat.
A vintage book cover titled The Slave-Auction by Dr. John Theophilus Kramer, published in Boston by Robert F. Wallcut in 1859. The cover is worn and features a poem excerpt.