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The Historic New Orleans Collection
A historical illustration depicting an auction scene with an auctioneer holding a gavel and several men in 19th-century clothing. A Black man and a Black woman stand on the auction block. Various fabrics are visible in the foreground.

A Great Forced Migration

In the six decades prior to the Civil War, roughly one million people were forcibly removed from their homes and families and sent to labor in the cotton and sugar fields of the Deep South. They came by steamboat and sail, stagecoach and railcar, but mostly they came on foot. For those bound for the New Orleans market, the overland journey often spanned many weeks and hundreds of miles. Chained together day and night, enslaved men led the coffle. Women and children followed, with the entire group of what might be hundreds of enslaved people overseen by slave drivers on horseback. 

“The boat took on board, at Hannibal, a drove of slaves, bound for the New Orleans market. They numbered from fixty to sixty, consisting of men and women from eighteen to forty years of age. A drove of slaves on a southern steamboat, bound for the cotton or sugar regions, is an occurrence so common, that no one, not even the passengers, appear to notice it, though they clank their chains at every step.”

For the more than seventy thousand people who traveled to New Orleans from Alexandria, Baltimore, Petersburg, Mobile, Richmond, Norfolk, Galveston, and other ports, the voyage has been likened to a second Middle Passage. Slave traders with operations based in coastal communities (such as Hope Hull Slatter, who was based in Baltimore) sometimes allotted less space per person belowdecks than captains of vessels that had made the transatlantic crossing from Africa in centuries past.

A black and white illustration depicts a group of people crossing a river. Some are on horseback and others are walking while carrying bundles. Trees and rocky terrain surround them. The scene is labeled American Slaves.
Vintage advertisement for the steamboat Ben Franklin, traveling to New Orleans. Features an illustration of a steamer and bold text details about departure. The master is I. H. Dollis, and Carter & Jouett are the agents.
An old document titled Rules and Regulations of the New-Orleans and Mobile Steam Packet Creole lists ten rules for passengers, including registering names, checking baggage, and instructions about mail, freight, and credit.
Old handwritten document on aged paper, listing individuals by name, age, and location. The text is cursive, with columns and rows detailing personal information from November 1785. The paper shows signs of wear and creases.
A historical ship manifest from 1846, listing passengers with details like age, gender, and occupation. The document includes handwritten notes and signatures at the bottom, with sections for names and columns for other personal information.